Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Urdu and Free

Urdu and Free Encyclopedia Page Essay Premchands parents died young his mother when he was seven and his father while he was fourteen and still a student. Premchand was left responsible for his stepmother and step-siblings. Early in life, Premchand faced immense poverty. He earned five rupees a month tutoring a lawyers child. He was married at the early age of fifteen but that marriage failed, later he married again, to Shivrani Devi, a balavidhava (child widow), and had several children. She supported him through life struggles. Premchand passed his matriculation (//simple. wiktionary. rg/wiki/matriculation) exam with great effort in 1898, and in 1899 he took up school-teaching job, with a monthly salary of eighteen rupees. In 1919 he passed his B. A. Page 2 of 4 When asked why he does not write anything about himself, he answered: What greatness do I have that I have to tell anyone about? I live just like millions of people in this country; I am ordinary. My life is also ordinary. I am a poor school teacher suffering family travails. During my whole lifetime, I have been grinding away with the hope that I could become free of my sufferings. But I have not been able to free myself from suffering. What is so special about this life that needs to be told to anybody? . During his last years,he became terribly ill. The money his wife used to give for his treatment was used in running his press The Saraswati. He was also writing a book Mangalsutra which would never be completed. All this had serious impact on his health leading to his early death on 8th October 1936, at the age of 56. [1] Writing style The main characteristic of Premchands writings is his interesting story-telling and use of simple language. His novels describe the problems of the rural peasant classes. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritized Hindi (as was the common practice among Hindi writers), and also Spanish language Literary works Premchand has written about 300 short stories, several novels as well as many essays and letters. He has also written some plays. He also did some translations. Many of Premchands stories have been translated into English and Russian. Godaan (The Gift of a Cow), his last novel, is considered the finest Hindi novel of all times. [2] The hero, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. Hori gets a cow but pays with his life for it. After his death, the village priests demand a cow from his widow to bring his soul to peace.

Monday, January 20, 2020

Management Accounting Essay -- Business Budgeting Accountancy Accounta

Management Accounting Introduction Management control is to ensure that the organization achieves its objectives. Once the objectives have been agreed, action plans should be drawn up so that the progress can be directed towards the ends specified in the objectives. Such objectives are used to make comparison with alternatives in decision making & are also the critical elements in evaluating the success or failure of the action plans. One of the most widely used management control systems is the budgetary control & the term â€Å"Budget† itself is one of the objectives that is expressed quantitatively in financial value [1]. Undoubtedly budget is drawn up for control purposes & guiding the organization towards its objectives. The budgeting process is done quite arbitrary by estimating the expenses in the next year or adding a few percentages from last years’ budget. Any contingency & extraordinary dollar spent would be acquired from the miscellaneous item; as long as it is still a positive figure. The main control function of the budget follows the same old rule: no budget, no expenses. The scope of this paper is to explore better control & management in the organization’s financial resources deployed in training & development, especially in avoiding the ineffective use of resources, increasing accountability, streamlining & improving existing procedures, & managing & measuring performance in a systematic & data-oriented approach. Control & Performance Measurement System Referring to Broadbent & Cullen [2], management control is the process by which management ensures that the organization carries out its strategies, i.e. resources are obtained & used efficiently & effectively in the accomplishment of the company objectives. As pointed out by Brooks [3], the role of management accounting is to concern the performance of the organization & the way in which its activities are planned & controlled by its management. Further supported by Bromwich [4], the major functions of management accounting used by management are to plan, evaluate, & control within an organization & to assure use of & accountability for its resources. Although most literatures reviewed (Jeans & Morrow [5], Murphy & Braund [6], Clark & Baxter [7]) stated that the major use of management accounting control is on manufacturing process, the concept of performance measurem... ...ctivity-Based Costing†, Management Accounting, November 1989. 6. Murphy J.C. & Braund S.L., â€Å"Management Accounting & New Manufacturing Technology†, Management Accounting, February 1990. 7. Clark A. & Baxter A., â€Å"ABC + ABM = Action, Let’s Get Down to Business†, Management Accounting, June 1992. 8. Kennedy A., â€Å"Activity-Based Management & Short-Term Relevant Cost: Clash or Complement?†, Management Accounting, June 1995. 9. Robert G., â€Å"Fixed Costs & Sunk Costs in Decision-Making† Management Accounting, January 1992. 10. Broadbent M. & Cullen J., Managing Financial Resources, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, p.121. 11. Mills R. & Cave M., â€Å"Overhead Cost Allocation in Service Organizations†, Management Accounting, June 1990. 12. Claret J., â€Å"Budgeting with Flexibility†, Certified Accountant, November 1988, p.36. 13. Jones R.B., â€Å"Budgeting & Cost Management: A Route to Continuous Improvement†, Management Accounting, February 1992, p.36. 14. Newing R., â€Å"Out with the Old, In with the New†, Accountancy, July, 1994, p.49. 15. Hopwood A.G., â€Å"Accounting & Organization Change†, Journal of Accounting & Public Policy, Vol. 8, No. 3, Fall 1989.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Launching a new business

Apex International Ltd is a health care product company. The company is about to launch a new product in the market. The health care segment of this company is well renounced with products ranging from medical devices to surgical apparel including sterilization wrap, surgical gloves, surgical drapes and gowns and other medical devices. In an over all sense their products are targeted towards general health and hygiene. Therefore the vision statement would be a logical conclusion to launch a product in alignment with general health and hygiene.At present the mission statement of the company is to expand and occupy global market with a new and ingenious product. This is because to mark an impact in the global market the company must employ a strategy in the parameters of product selection that would enable the company to stand at a distinctive position. This distinctive position would help the company to attain a better market segment. For the purpose, along with a new and effective pr oduct, the company needs a group of motivated employees who would be able to execute the laid down strategy by the top management. The company is confident about its present group of employees and is certain that the motivated workers would be able to execute the planning without much specified difficulties.Thus the employees should1. Follow the laid down principals and strategies closely2. Understand the need of the potential customers clearly3. Understand the preference of the potential customers4. Provide customer service at the highest levelBusiness descriptionThe company is set to launch a new product in the line of its existing item but in an updated and creative mode. The business would be spread over a large amount of markets around the world, and would venture into the markets of Asia, especially China. This would be well supported by market segments of other continents like North and South America, Europe and Australia and Oceania. The business would be controlled by the c entral headquarter situated in each of the countries of operation which would controlled by the Continent Head Office. The supreme negotiations would be done from headquarter situated in New York as it is a predominantly New York based company.Operation requirements   Operation requirements for this project are vivid and intricate.Firstly the management has to development a perfect schedule in terms of production in the line of future market potentials.Secondly, it should be looked upon that every aspects of the potential market segment is evaluated and measured.In the third phase of the operation requirement it should be noted to understand the need and priorities of the targeted customers.Lastly, a core unit should be developed to look into the motivation factors of the employees in the long run.2. Vision StatementAs the general consumer durable health and hygiene related products of Apex International Ltd includes mostly fabric related products or versatile materials that are d eveloped from synthetic fibers it would be a logical conclusion to include a product like a fragranced panty liner for white discharge in this context.At present Apex International Ltd deals in products of personal care such as feminine pads, incontinence products and diapers it would be favorable for them to include panty liners for white discharge in this list of products specifically when the base material of the panty liner for white discharge is aligned with the base material of the other mentioned and related product which is non-woven fabrics. In the context of non-woven fabrics it would be interesting to mention that Apex International Ltd themselves is responsible for manufacturing non-woven fabrics in huge number of grades that are numbered around hundreds.As these grades of non-woven fabrics are already operational for various purposes like spill control, car covers, industrial fabrics, home furnishings and flexible packaging making room for an additional product like fra granced panty liner for white discharge would not include any further fixed or capital cost to the company.As for the market segment part the new product i.e. fragranced panty liner for white discharge would become a market leader world wide when a support system of a company like the Apex International Ltd is applicable.To begin with it would be applicable to mention the need of panty liner for white discharge with a brief detail of white discharge as an ailment. White discharge is regarded as a vaginal discharge that is considered as normal during and after the menstrual period and it varies from woman to woman. It has been estimated that during the period of ovulation the mucous products increase and it has been reported that after the interval of ovulation the amount of white discharge increases by about 30 times. The material is elastic and watery in nature and therefore it is prescribed by the doctors to use panty liners during this time frame of the cycle. One of the most dif ficult propositions of this material is that it has a very bad odor.Thus to access this market with a significant product the company needs to introduce a product that is1. Well Fragranced2. Extremely Hygienic3. Highly dependable4. Cost effective3. Sales, Marketing and Finance management planExecutive summaryThe marketing strategy of the Apex International Ltd would be to develop a fragranced panty liner for white discharge. Developing a healthy and attractive fragranced panty liner for white discharge would never prove to be very difficult for the company as it is already in operative stage with relative products.Situation AnalysisThe potential, if the assumable market of this fragranced panty liner for white discharge is taken into consideration, could be substantially huge. It has been estimated that without the use of a normal panty liner for white discharge various symptoms may arise like discomfort, itching or even pain due to formation of fungal infection due to the amount of white discharge. Therefore, panty liners are essential and as it is consumer durable in nature therefore there is no chance of market being exhausted. Moreover, with a better campaigning with the focal point mentioning the betterment and advantages of a fragranced panty liner for white discharge would certainly help the company to occupy the existing market of panty liners by a huge margin.Marketing strategyAt present the market segment of the world of panty liners are segregated among numerous companies of which a bulk of the companies represents China. These Chinese companies would be the prime target once Apex International Ltd takes over the manufacture of this new fragranced panty liner for white discharge and makes the product operational. The major reason of targeting China as the premium competitor would be the reason that these companies are basically marginally equipped to compete in the international market. Therefore they should be the primary concern as being the softe st targets of all.Secondly, the advantage of the Chinese companies to be able to penetrate into low market segment could well be nullified with the campaigns concerning health issues. Once this has been done a bulk of the customers would be diverted towards the Apex International Ltd’s product of fragranced panty liner for white discharge as there are hardly any individual who would compromise in terms of health issues. This would have an additional advantage for the company. Once penetration is possible within the market occupied by the Chinese companies it would also be possible to inflate the market with other products of the Corporation. This would be a double advantage and a scope of further optimization of revenue.Thirdly, the other plus point enjoyed by the Chinese companies is the ability to penetrate into the markets of different nations all at the same time.Financial projectionsThe amount of customers for this fragranced panty liner for white discharge would be by n o means negligible. It has been estimated that about 9 million women visit the gynecological department or the general practitioners each year. This is just the estimation of the United States alone. It would be quite interesting to find out the actual number of potential customers for this new fragranced panty liner for white discharge world wide. That would mean a titanic amount of potential customers waiting for the fragranced panty liner for white discharge if marketing and campaigns are well executed by the Apex International Ltd. (Dollard, 2005)Implementation ControlThus once China is marginalized from the basic market of the fragranced panty liner for white discharge the rest of the market would fall in place with competition on the equal ground with other European, Australian and US companies. Here the main advantage of the Apex International Ltd would be the application of the fragranced panty liner which would drive away other potential competitors from the market and by t he time any other company is able to formulate something new like the fragranced panty liner for white discharge the battle for supremacy over the market would belong won by the Apex International Ltd. Therefore it is obvious that a brand new product by the Apex International Ltd would be resulting into a clear winner not only in the local or national level but it is a cut made up for the international level and thus should be treated as a cut above the rest.Reference:Dollard, John & Robert R; (2005); The White discharge Syndrome; New University Press; 21-25

Saturday, January 4, 2020

‘The Overall Fear Of Crime Has Increased Over The Last

‘The overall fear of crime has increased over the last two decades due to populist(democratic) , and not evidence based, attempts to reduce crime.’ Critically discuss this statement. The fear of crime has established a surprising amount of attraction in the past two decades. Fear of crime is an emotional reaction and it is not based on reality. People who are very fearful are less likely at risk. Panic and fear of crime mainly comes through media. The government and its politics plays a huge part in the overall fear of crime. Even though their attempts are to reduce crime, or as politicians uses the term â€Å"what the public wants† in their speech for their own motives and to gain trust from the citizens. However, in order to do what the†¦show more content†¦In relation to the offender, ‘Nothing works’ (Martinson, 1974), became the dominant orthodoxy within criminology. All governments have to address the issue of law and order. However, for Conservative party ‘law and order’ became a slogan. But their economic failures effected the raising crime rates through unemployment (Field, 1990; Sampson and Laub, 1993). Ron Clark e 1980, offered in approach to crime prevention which did not entail ‘softness’ towards offenders and removed responsibility for failure to control crime from the police force. 1990s New labour time the nature of debate was how to bring more toughness in law. End of labour government, people was in fear. 1997- 2010 ‘Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime’. Reassuring policing- that crime is been looked after. They wanted to show that by catching more criminals, people should not think crime rates are going high. Supported police (pay up by 40%). 2010†¦ the conservative (coalition governments): ‘zero tolerance’ policing. Turned police officers into ‘social workers’ rather than ‘crime fighters’. Major cuts on police budget. 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